Cuidados pós-ressuscitação-cardiopulmonar (RCP) / Post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) care

Evitar novos episódios de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). Identificar e tratar as causas que levaram o paciente à PCR. Oferecer suportes ventilatório, hemodinâmico, neurológico e metabólico. Realizar a modulação terapêutica de temperatura para todos os pacientes que retornaram à circulação espontânea. Indicação de cateterismo cardíaco para pacientes sem causa estabelecida de PCR quando a causa pode ser um evento coronariano

Avoid further episodes of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Identify and treat the causes of the patient's CPA. Provide ventilatory, hemodynamic, neurological and metabolic support. Perform therapeutic temperature modulation for all patients who have resumed spontaneous circulation. Indication of cardiac catheterization for patients with no established cause of CPA when the cause may be a coronary event

Carga ácida potencial renal de la dieta servida a pacientes en un hospital privado. Caracas, Venezuela / Acid load renal potential of the diet served to patients in a private hospital. Caracas Venezuela

La acidosis metabólica sub clínica resultante de una carga ácida de la dieta puede constituir un factor de riesgo para diversas patologías. El objetivo fue determinar la Carga Acida Potencial Renal (CAPR) de las dietas servidas a pacientes hospitalizados en el Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad. Se analizó el contenido en proteínas, grasas, carbohidratos, kilocalorías y CAPR de cuatro tipos de dietas: completa (C), de protección gástrica (PG), hiposódica (H) y para diabéticos (D). Se calculó la CAPR de los alimentos disponibles, de los ofrecidos en dos menús representativos y de las dietas seleccionadas por los pacientes. Adicionalmente se plantearon tres combinaciones para lograr dietas con baja carga ácida. La CAPR (X mEq/día) fue: 1) alimentos disponibles: C 100,51; PG 57,16; H 82,4; D 73,15. 2) para los menús 1 y 2: C 38,88 y 27,22; PG 48,3 y 24,45; H 21,54 y 8,24; D 36,53 y 46,22. 3) para las dietas elegidas por los pacientes: C 28,27; PG 25,77; H 7,19; D 15,63. 4) para las combinaciones propuestas: C -17,43; PG -24,17; H -15,83; D -16,29. La CAPR se correlacionó directamente con el contenido de proteínas de los cuatro tipos de dietas (p<0.001) e inversamente con el peso en gramos de frutas y hortalizas (p<0.01). La CAPR de las dietas elegidas por los pacientes fue positiva. Sin embargo, es posible lograr combinaciones que resulten en dietas con baja carga ácida. Se recomienda educar a los pacientes en relación a la importancia de evitar dietas de elevado contenido ácido(AU)

Subclinical metabolic acidosis as a result of an acid dietary load may represent a risk factor for multiple pathologies. The objective of this study was to determine the Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) of diets served to patients hospitalized at the Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad. Protein, fat, carbohydrate, energy and PRAL of four types of diets were analyzed. The four types of diets were the following: complete (C), gastric protection (GP), low sodium (LS) and for diabetic patients (D). PRAL was calculated for available foods, for foods in two types of menus (1 and 2) and for diets selected by patients. Additionally, food combinations for diets with low acid load were proposed. PRAL (X mEq/day) was: 1) for available foods: C 100,51; GP 57,16; LS 82,4; D 73,15. 2); for patients selection: C 28,27; GP 25,77; LS 7,19; D 15,6; 3) for menus 1 and 2: C 38,88 and 27,22; PG 48,3 and 24,45; H 21,54 and 8,24; D 36,53 and 46,22. 4) for proposed combinations: C -17,43; GP -24,17; LS -15,83; D -16,29. There was a direct and significant correlation between PRAL and protein content (p<0.001) and an inverse and significant correlation with fruits and vegetables (p<0.01). PRAL of patient selected diets was positive. However, it is possible to achieve food combinations for diets with a low acid load. Appropriate strategies should be designed in order to educate patients in relation to the importance of avoiding diets with elevated acid load(AU)

Conduta nutricional no trauma para o clínico / Conduct in nutrition on trauma for clinical

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Trauma é um evento agudo que altera a homeostase do organismo, por desencadear reações neuroendócrinas e imunológicas que visam a manutenção da volemia, do débito cardíaco, da oxigenação tecidual e da oferta e utilização de substratos energéticos. Todas têm em comum um evento inicial agudo, alterando todo o equilíbrio do organismo e uma resposta fisiopatológica complexa. O objetivo deste estudo foi alertar sobre as necessidades energético-proteicas no trauma, consumo metabólico,formas mais seguras de administração da dieta e as possíveis complicações do suporte nutricional inadequado nessas situações. CONTEÚDO: A nutrição deve ser integrada no tratamento global do paciente criticamente doente a fim de minimizar as complicações de um tratamento mais prolongado. As prioridades imediatas após o trauma são: reanimação volêmica, oxigenação e a interrupção da hemorragia. Associados a esses fatores estão o estado hiperdinâmico da resposta ao trauma, bem como a dor, febre, exposição ao frio, acidose e hipovolemia, e possíveis infecções, aumentando a demanda metabólica. O suporte nutricional é parte essencial do tratamento metabólico desses pacientes. Ele deve ser instituído antes que haja perda significativa de peso, de preferência nas primeiras 24h da admissão no hospital, através de dietas orais ou enterais preferencialmente e parenterais, quando necessário. CONCLUSÃO: Uma dieta bem administrada é capaz de manter a massa celular corporal e a limitação da perda de peso a menos de 10% do peso na pré-lesão. O importante é o paciente ser constantemente reavaliado para ajuste da dieta de acordo com as necessidades diárias. Dentre as consequências de uma inadequada abordagem destes pacientes, tem-se a síndrome de realimentação, a cetose e a desnutrição.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Trauma is an acute event that alters the body's homeostasis, neuroendocrine and for triggering immune responses aimed at maintaining blood volume, cardiac output, tissue oxygenation and the supply and use of energy substrates. All have in common an acute initial event, changing the whole balance of the body and a complex pathophysiological response. The objective of this study was to make aware of the protein-energy needs in trauma, metabolic consumption, the bests ways of diet administration and the possible complications of inadequate nutritional support in these situations. CONTENTS: Nutrition must be integrated into the overal ltreatment of critically ill patients in order to minimize the complications of a longer treatment. The immediate priorities are thefollowing trauma fluid resuscitation, oxygenation and stopping the bleeding. These factors are associated with the state of a hyperdynamic response to trauma, as well as pain, fever, exposure to cold, acidosis and hypovolemia, and possible infections, increasing the metabolic demand. Nutritional support is an essential part of the metabolic treatment of these patients. It must be established before there is significant loss of weight, preferably within 24 hours of admission to the hospital, through diet or oral enteral and parenteral preferably when necessary. CONCLUSION: A well-managed diet is able to maintain body cell mass and limiting the weight loss to less than 10% weight inthe pre-injury. The important thing is to be constantly reassessed the patient to adjust the diet according to the daily needs. Among the consequences of an inadequate approach to these patients, are: Refeeding syndrome, ketosis, and malnutrition.

Different Response of Body Weight Change According to Ketonuria after Fasting in the Healthy Obese

The relationship between obesity and ketonuria is not well-established. We conducted a retrospective observational study to evaluate whether their body weight reduction response differed by the presence of ketonuria after fasting in the healthy obese. We used the data of 42 subjects, who had medical records of initial urinalysis at routine health check-up and follow-up urinalysis in the out-patient clinic, one week later. All subjects in the initial urinalysis showed no ketonuria. However, according to the follow-up urinalysis after three subsequent meals fasts, the patients were divided into a non-ketonuria group and ketonuria group. We compared the data of conventional low-calorie diet programs for 3 months for both groups. Significantly greater reduction of body weight (-8.6 +/- 3.6 kg vs -1.1 +/- 2.2 kg, P < 0.001), body mass index (-3.16 +/- 1.25 kg/m2 vs -0.43 +/- 0.86 kg/m2, P < 0.001) and waist circumference (-6.92 +/- 1.22 vs -2.32 +/- 1.01, P < 0.001) was observed in the ketonuria group compared to the non-ketonuria group. Fat mass and lean body mass were also more reduced in the ketonuria group. In addition, serum free fatty acid concentration after intervention in the ketonuria group showed significant more increment than in the non-ketonuria group. The presence of ketonuria after fasting may be a predicting factor of further body weight reduction.

Ketonuria after Fasting may be Related to the Metabolic Superiority

Obese individuals are less able to oxidize fat than non-obese individuals. Caloric reduction or fasting can detect ketonuria. We investigated the differences of metabolic parameters in the presence of ketonuria after a minimum 8 hr fast in a cross-sectional analysis of 16,523 Koreans (6,512 women and 10,011 men). The relationship between the presence of ketonuria of all subjects and prevalence of obesity, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, and obesity-related metabolic parameters were assessed. The ketonuria group had lower prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and metabolic syndrome than the non-ketonuria group. In addition, all metabolic parameters (including body weight, waist circumference, blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, blood pressure, and insulin) were favorable in the ketonuria group than in the non-ketonuria group, even after adjustment for age, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. The odds ratios of having obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.427 in women, OR=1.582 in men, P<0.05), central obesity (OR=1.675 in women, OR=1.889 in men, P<0.05), and metabolic syndrome (OR=3.505 in women, OR=1.356 in men, P<0.05) were increased in the non-ketonuria group compared to the ketonuria group. The presence of ketonuria after at least an 8 hr fast may be indicative of metabolic superiority.

Dieta cetogênica para epilepsia intratável em crianças e adolescentes: relato de seis casos / Ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy in children and adolescents: report of six cases

OBJETIVO: Descrever a introdução e o manejo da dieta cetogênica em um grupo de seis crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária. MÉTODOS: Os autores reviram o prontuário médico de cada paciente menor de 15 anos submetido à dieta cetogênica entre abril de 1999 e julho de 2003 e compararam os resultados terapêuticos e efeitos adversos e benéficos com a literatura pertinente. RESULTADOS: A dieta cetogênica foi introduzida para seis pacientes, com idade mediana de sete anos (faixa: 1,8-12,2). A duração média da aplicação da dieta foi 9,7 meses (faixa: 7 dias-4 anos). Observou-se uma redução igual ou maior que 50 por cento da freqüência das crises epilépticas em metade dos casos. As complicações observadas foram leucopenia, constipação, desidratação, priapismo e recorrência das crises epilépticas. CONCLUSÕES: A dieta cetogênica foi eficaz e segura em três pacientes de uma série de seis casos com epilepsia intratável. A complicação mais comum foi leucopenia.